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Normal aging vs. pathological aging8/7/2023 Dementia involves a myriad of adverse neurocognitive changes, and the precise pathological processes underlying these changes are not well understood ( Sacuiu, 2016). Cognitive domains that can be impacted include learning and memory, executive function, language, complex attention, perceptual-motor function, and social cognition ( Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2013). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2013) Fifth Edition (DSM-5,), replaces the term “dementia” with “major neurocognitive disorder” and defines the condition as significant cognitive decline that, critical to the diagnosis, impairs independent living. It is not a single disease, but instead a clinical syndrome formed by a range of recognizable symptoms. What Is Dementia?Īlthough dementia predominantly affects older people, it is neither a normal part of aging nor an exaggeration of it. The worldwide cost of dementia was estimated at $818 billion in 2016 and could increase to approximately $2 trillion by 2030 ( Prince et al., 2015). Dementia not only dramatically alters the lives of those with the condition, but it also confers a severe burden on families, friends, caregivers, and the healthcare systems at large. The World Alzheimer Report has suggested that the number of people living with dementia could triple to 132 million people worldwide by 2050 ( Prince et al., 2015). One of the biggest challenges associated with the aging population is dementia. Understanding how to effectively promote healthy aging and prevent neurodegenerative diseases that present symptoms in older adults thus is becoming increasingly important. In 2015, approximately 8.5% of the world’s population was over the age of 65, and by 2050, this number is expected to almost double to 16.7% ( He et al., 2016). This review crystallizes emerging trends for divergence between the two and highlights current limitations and opportunities for future research in this area.Īs more individuals are living longer than ever before, the older population is growing exponentially across the globe. We address this important knowledge gap by examining evidence for cognitive and structural brain changes that may differentiate, from midlife, healthy aging and pathological AD-related processes. Research programs are increasingly starting to focus on midlife as a critical period for the beginning of AD-related pathology, yet the indicators of the incipient disease process in asymptomatic individuals remain poorly understood. To reduce the future incidence of dementia, there is an immediate need for interventions that target the disease process from its earliest stages. By 2050, the number of people living with dementia worldwide could almost triple, from 47 to 132 million, with associated costs rising to $3 trillion. 6School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Irelandĭementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease (AD), is a growing pandemic that presents profound challenges to healthcare systems, families, and societies throughout the world.5The Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.4Mercer’s Institute for Successful Ageing, St.3Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. 2Memory and Aging Center, Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.1Department of Neuroscience, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.Katie Irwin 1, Claire Sexton 2,3, Tarun Daniel 1, Brian Lawlor 4,5 and Lorina Naci 5,6*
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